Implementation of Reliable and Cost Effective Smart Home

Implementation of Reliable and Cost Effective Smart HomeAutomation is the trend that will pose the way we will live and work over the next decade. menses radical mechanization carcasss have limitations in terms of radio set connectivity, speed, interference, bandwidth and cost of implementation. The proposed un holdd alkali system provides wireless control of appliances such as lights, fans, and alarms by using sensors and Bluetooth. Bluetooth provides higher transmission speed, greater bandwidth, and consumes less power than existing wireless protocols. Further, the cost of implementation is minimized with the use of sensors and Bluetooth. This design incorporates an weapon7 processor that continuously collects light intensity, temperature, and carbon-monoxide levels from sensors and compares it with threshold levels, to determine the control operation to be per organise on home appliances. The ARM7 processor access appliances using Bluetooth. Further, this sharp home syst em also allows individuals to directly control their appliances through a smartphone- found android application. This smart home system is implemented and tested under varying conditions to represent its efficiency.LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSADCAnalog to Digital ConverterARMAdvanced reduced instruction set computing MachinesBLEBluetooth little EnergyCPSRCurrent Program Status RegisterDTEData Terminal EquipmentFECForward Error bailiwickFH-CDMAFrequency Hopping Code Division Multiple AccessFIQFast commove RequestHVACHigh Voltage Alternating Currentliquid crystal displayLiquid Crystal DisplayPPMRISCParts Per MillionReduced Instruction passel ComputerRSSIReceived Signal Strength index fingerUARTUniversal Asynchronous Receiver/TransmitterUPBUniversal Powerline BusUSBUniversal Serial BusCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONHome AutomationWorlds Fair of 1934 in Chicago marked the birth of home automation. Initially, the industry could not make an enormous impact on society. The reason for the slow start w as high price and complexity making it hard to install. However as smartphones and tablets came into existence, the implementation of this engine room became much easier. The automation engine room helps in achieving greater efficiency and provides higher security.Expectations from a Smart HomeThe major parameters to look for in the implementation of a smart home gage be as followsCompatibility of the protocol. The system should communicate with the major protocols in home automation like ZigBee, Z-Wave, and Bluetooth.Wireless access. The system should be capable of wireless continuative such as Wi-Fi Connectivity thereby eliminating all physical complexities.Scope for expansion. The system should fight down a higher number of products.Scope for scheduling. The design of the system should be able to support scheduling of different tasks at home like turning off lights when nobody at home.Remote access. Having an Android support is ar turnrary these days. If the system is comp atible with a smartphone, it makes this process very smooth as almost every individual today has a smartphone.Emergency notification. The system should aim messages indicating emergency or threat to the house.Smart Home Community ResponseVarious studies have been conducted to find out if consumers are ready to take up smart home technology. A study from Coldwell Banker Real Estate and CNET carried out in June 2015, said that 28% of internet users in The United States have smart homes and 90% of them would recommend smart home technology. The report also suggests that 25% of Americans use smart home products which save them around 30 minutes a day on average which are equivalent to $1,000 per year. As per a survey, 75% of the smart homeowners believe that this technology brings peace of mind regarding security.CHAPTER 2 palingenesis OF LITERATUREExisting Protocols in Home Automation IndustryThe increase in the use of smart home systems leads to the development of different protocol s. The protocols are selected based on the type of communication among various connected devices. Let us see the major protocols in home automation industryX10 TechnologyX10 is the oldest home automation protocol developed in 1970. Initially, the technology was a powerline-based system which slowly went wireless. X10 technology uses the power lines in the home to allow communication amidst various appliances. X10 is reliable as it makes use of power lines. However, it is subject to interference from other devices in the circuit. It does not provide a speed communication in the midst of devices. It can only perform 16 commands sent one at a time.INSTEON TechnologyINSTEON was introduced in the year 2005. It was designed to bridge the gap among powerline systems and wireless protocols. INSTEON is compatible with X10 technology making it easy for those who have an existing X10 network. It supports automation novices which make setting up or adding devices easy for the non-technical u sers. INSTEON can support much than 65,000 commands.It is capable of transmitting commands with little interference. One need not have to enroll INSTEON into home automation network. INSTEON network can have more than 400 devices connected in a single installation. The dual-band mesh network can convert all powerline-operated devices into repeatersZigBee TechnologyZigBee is a wireless communication precedent built by IEEE. It runs on 802.15.4 wireless communication standard. ZigBee is growing significantly in recent times. However, ZigBees full acceptance as a home automation protocol is still in question. The reason being its interoperability. In most cases, ZigBee devices have difficulty in communicating with devices from other manufacturers. Each device uses different methods to accomplish the same task which causes the difficulty in communication. Perhaps, for the same reason, manufacturers use ZigBee to limit third-party devices.Wi-Fi TechnologyWi-Fi stands for Wireless Fide lity. Wi-Fi makes use of radio frequency transmission of data through the air. Speed in a Wi-Fi connection may vary from 1mbps to 2mbps. Wi-Fi works in the frequency band of 2.4 GHz. The range for Wi-Fi is 40-300 feet. Wi-Fi runs on an inbuilt technology known as frequency division multiplexing technology.However, the major drawback with Wi-Fi is the interference and bandwidth issues. With too many Wi-Fi compatible devices, each device must fight for bandwidth resulting in more time to respond thereby making it work slowly. Also, Wi-Fi consumes much power.CHAPTER 3BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGYIn 1994, Ericsson Mobile Communications was the first to initiate research on the possibility of wireless links. Their aim was to develop a cost-effective solution to replace cables as a mode of communication between computers and peripherals. Ericsson along with Nokia, Intel, IBM, and Toshiba, formed a group known as Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) with a common motive of developing the unique technology. The first Bluetooth technical specification released in 1999.Bluetooth SpecificationBluetooth specification for Classic Bluetooth/Bluetooth Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate (BR/EDR) is below in Table 1.TABLE 1. Specifications of Classic Bluetooth expert SpecificationClassic BluetoothModulation TechniqueFrequency HoppingModulation SchemeGFSKModulation Index0.35Number of Channels79Channel Bandwidth1 megahertzNominal Data Rate1-3 MbpsApplication Throughput0.7 2.1 MbpsNodes/Active Slaves7Security56 128 bitVoiceCapableBluetooth Technology A Good superior for Smart HomeBluetooth is a solution to some different issues which existed earlier, likeSpeed.Bluetooth provides a transmission speed of 1 Mbps. It can handle up to terce voice channels simultaneously.Power.Bluetooth technology has a special feature of limiting the transmitters power as per the demand. With the help of a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), a Bluetooth receiver can determine the transmission power required by the transmitter.Security.Bluetooth has three built-in features which aim at providing secure data or voice transmissionPrevents access to transmitted data by providing proper authentication.Data is encrypted over-the-air (OTA) which eliminated eaves-droppings. Also, an appropriate key is required to decrypt such dataIt makes use of Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum (FHSS) which further eliminates eavesdroppingReliability.Bluetooth Technology uses three techniques to ensure protocol reliability. They are Frequency Hopping Code Division Multiple Access (FH-CDMA), Error Correction and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI).Therefore, with the help of these techniques, the performance degradation is minimized.CHAPTER 4SYSTEM COMPONENTSHardware ComponentsTABLE 2. Components Required for the DesignPower append12V DC BatteryProcessorAdvanced RISC Machine (ARM7)Serial CommunicationUniversal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter (UART)Wireless CommunicationBluetooth facultySe nsorsLight Dependent Resistor (LDR), Temperature Sensor (LM35), andGas Sensor (MQ-2)DisplayLiquid Crystal Display (LCD)Smart Phone DisplayLoads/Appliances/DevicesLED, Computer Fan, and get down/BuzzerSoftware ApplicationsTABLE 3. Software Required for the DesignMATLABTo capture the sensor outputsKEILTo write the code for the functioning of processorFlash MagicTo position the code into the processorSYSTEM ARRANGEMENTPower SupplyThe prototype uses an AJC D1.3S battery with 12 Volt/1.3Ah configuration.Liquid Crystal DisplayThe prototype uses an 1602A LCD module with following features16 Character x 2 LineSingle power supply of 5VInput data 4-bits or 8-bits interface1/16Duty, 1/5BiasRelayThe prototype uses NRP07-C12DS relay to control the loads.Rating 10A/28VDC gooimum Switching Voltage 30VDCOperate Time 8msec. MaxRelease Time 5msec. MaxBluetooth ModuleBT24 Bluetooth module is a low cost series from Amped RF Technology.ConfigurationCortex-M3 microprocessor up to 72MHzUART, up to 921K baud13 general purpose I/O4 x 12-bit A/D inputsAmpedUP Bluetooth stack (SPP, IAP, A2DP)Support Apple IOS/MFI Bluetooth devices.BT24 FeaturesBluetooth v3.0Range up to 60m LOS400 Kbps data through-put128-bit encryption security.Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) ProcessorIn 1985, Acorn computers developed the first prototype of ARM in England. ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machine. Currently, ARM is designed and marketed by ARM Holdings. As the name suggests, ARM uses RISC (Reduced Instruction exercise set Computer) architecture. The design, instruction set and decode mechanism of the RISC is much simpler than Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) design.ARM FeaturesARM7 has the following features32-bit RISC processor measly power consumption 0.6mA/MHz at 3V fabricatedFast interrupt response for real time applicationsFully static operation ideal for power sensitive applicationsHigh-performance RISC 17 MIPS sustained at 25 MHz at 3VIn-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/ IAP) via on-chip boot- loader software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of 256 bytes in 1ms.Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter (UART)UART is a chip designed to control all serial devices connected to a processor. The name asynchronous agency that UART does not need a predefined clock for synchronization. UART surveils with an RS232 Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) which helps to communicate with serial devices. It has a Start bit, seven data bits, a parity bit and a stop bit. UART provides a full duplex transmission which means that data transfer is possible in two ways, simultaneously. Therefore, both the ends have to come to an agreement with the parameters like word length, a parity bit, and some stop bits.FeaturesUART has the following features,Burst rates up to 6 M-bits/secondHigh level of transmission and reception of dataUART converts the received bytes into single serial bit stream for transmissionProvides buffering of data to mai ntain the coordination of serial devices with the computerParity, overrun and framing error detection.Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) SensorAn LDR has a resistance which changes as per the amount of light falling upon it. It is often used to detect the aim of light in a circuit. An LDR has a high resistance of about 1000000 ohms. However, the resistance move drastically once the bright light falls on it.CharacteristicsTABLE 4. LDR CharacteristicsParameterConditionsMinTypeMaxUnitCell Resistance1000 LUX10 LUX4009OhmK OhmDark Resistance1M OhmDark Capacitance3.5pFRise Time1000 LUX10 LUX2.818msmsFall Time1000 LUX10 LUX48120msmsVoltage AC/DC Peak320V maxCurrent75mA maxPower Dissipation100mW maxOperating Temperature-60+75Deg. CTemperature SensorLM35 is a internal semiconductor precision temperature sensor. It is a temperature sensitive voltage source. For every 1oC rise in temperature, the voltage increases by 10mV. In other words, the output voltage is linearly proportional to the temp erature.SpecificationLinear +10-mV/oC scale factorRated for full -55 oC to 150 oC rangeSuitable for remote applicationsOperates from 4 V to 30 VLow self-heating, 0.08 oC in still air0.5 oC ensured accuracy (at 25 oC).Smoke SensorMQ-2 gas sensor consists of a sensitive material called SnO2. SnO2 has lower conductivity which helps in the working of MQ-2 in clean air.CharacteristicsHigh sensitivity to LPG, Propane and HydrogenSensitivity to Combustible gas in wide rangeLong Life and Low CostSpecificationsTABLE 5. Specifications of Gas SensorConcentration300 10000ppmLoop Voltage 5Slope